Integrative Model of Farmer Empowerment and Optimization of Beef Cattle Management on Suboptimal Land in Minahasa Regency

Jolyanis Lainawa; Judy M. Tumewu; Zadrak M. Warouw

doi:10.32535/ijabim.v11i2.4659

Integrative Model of Farmer Empowerment and Optimization of Beef Cattle Management on Suboptimal Land in Minahasa Regency

Jolyanis Lainawa, Judy M. Tumewu, Zadrak M. Warouw

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the technical, socio-economic, and institutional conditions of farmers in implementing an Integrated Farming System (IFS) on suboptimal land in Minahasa Regency and evaluate the effects of crop–beef cattle integration on farm productivity, farming efficiency, and farmers’ welfare. The study employed a survey of 180 farming households across nine districts in Minahasa Regency. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, simple and multiple linear regression, and DEA. The results indicate that technical conditions (? = 0.412; p < 0.001), socio-economic conditions (? = 0.287; p < 0.001), and institutional conditions (? = 0.356; p < 0.001) positively influence IFS implementation, with the model explaining 59.3% of the variation (R² = 0.593). Crop–beef cattle integration significantly improves farm productivity (? = 0.618; p < 0.001; R² = 0.582) and farming efficiency (? = 0.541; p < 0.001; R² = 0.511). DEA results indicate that 33.9% of farmers were technically efficient, 45.6% moderately efficient, and 20.6% inefficient. Furthermore, farm productivity (? = 0.441; p < 0.001) and farming efficiency (? = 0.376; p < 0.001) significantly improve farmers’ welfare, with the model explaining 64.7% of the variation (R² = 0.647). These findings highlight the importance of strengthening farmers’ technical capacity, institutional support, agricultural extension, access to financing, and crop–livestock integration to improve productivity, efficiency, and sustainable beef cattle agribusiness on suboptimal land.

Keywords

Efficiency; Welfare; Suboptimal Land; Empowerment; Productivity; Integrated Farming

Full Text:

PDF

References

Agatha, M. A., & Sjaf, S. (2022). The influence of local actors in the empowerment of smallholder livestock farming communities. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 10(3), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.22500/10202241289

Alderkamp, L. M., van Zandbrink, R. M. E., Meulman, F., van Middelaar, C. E., de Olde, E. M., Hoes, A., & de Roo, N. (2025). Social aspects of integrated crop-livestock systems: Key for future policy. Animal, 19(8), 101564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2025.101564

Asnamawati, L., Herawati, I. E., Saleha, E., & Nurmalia, A. (2024). Agricultural empowerment model and development policy in realizing food security pillars: Systematic literature review. Jurnal Agroqua: Media Informasi Agronomi dan Budidaya Perairan, 22(1), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.32663/ja.v22i1.4389

Astuti, R. P., Bahtera, N. I., & Agustina, F. (2022). Innovation characteristics and technology adoption of Probio_FM in the implementation of an integrated farming system in Bangka Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32(2), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.02.01

Istiqomah, I., Kusumawati, D. E., Serdani, A. D., & Choliq, F. A. (2022). Pemanfaatan limbah jerami, sekam, dan urine sapi sebagai pupuk organik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi padi. VIABEL: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian, 16(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.35457/viabel.v16i2.2462

Jones, S. K., Bergamini, N., Beggi, F., Lesueur, D., Vinceti, B., Bailey, A., ... & Quintero, M. (2022). Research strategies to catalyze agroecological transitions in low-and middle-income countries. Sustainability Science, 17(6), 2557-2577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01163-6

Kalangi, J. K., Lainawa, J., & Rintjap, A. K. (2022). Analysis of strategy for local beef cattle competitiveness development in North Sulawesi. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 7(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.V6I3.1439

Karthik, R., Ramana, M. V., Kumari, C. P., Prakash, T. R., Goverdhan, M., Naik, D. S., ... & Mattar, M. A. (2024). Designing a productive, profitable integrated farming system model with low water footprints for small and marginal farmers of Telangana. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 17066. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66696-5

Kaya, E., Siregar, A., Matulessy, D., Hasan, M., & Akollo, A. (2022). Soil chemistry character, the N, P, and K uptake, and the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) due to the application of ela sago palm waste compost and liquid organic fertilizer in ultisols. Journal of Tropical Soils, 27(2), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.5400/jts.2022.v27i2.49-58

Lainawa, J., Endoh, E. K. M., & Oroh, F. N. S. (2024). Beef cattle development with integrated farming system model based on land area in Minahasa District. Journal of the Community Development in Asia, 7(3), 333–354. https://doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v7i3

Lainawa, J., Endoh, E. K. M., & Warouw, Z. M. (2025). Development strategy of integrated farming system (beef cattle, rice, corn) on suboptimal land: Minahasa Regency. International Journal of Applied Business & International Management, 10(3), 426–444. https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v10i3.4241

Lainawa, J., Endoh, E. K. M., & Warouw, Z. M. (2026). Efficiency and commodity competitiveness analysis of integrated beef cattle, rice, and maize farming on suboptimal land in Minahasa Regency. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis, 23(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v23i1.106917

Lenzun, G. D., Lainawa, J., & Tumewu, J. M. (2023). Farmer empowerment in improving beef cattle farming business in Tonsewer Village, Regency Minahasa. Journal of Community Development in Asia, 6(2), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v6i2.2299

Milliet, E., Plancherel, C., Roulin, A., & Butera, F. (2024). The effect of collaboration on farmers’ pro-environmental behaviors–A systematic review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 93, 102223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102223

Nayak, A. K., Tripathi, R., Dhal, B., Nayak, A. D., Vijayakumar, S., Satpathy, B., ... & Pathak, H. (2023). Eco-efficiency and technical efficiency of different integrated farming systems in eastern India. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 21(1), 2270250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2023.2270250

Nengsi, S. W. (2025). Integration of farming-livestock systems in sustainable agrocomplex development in Indonesia. Journal of Agro Complex Development Society, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.62012/agrocomplex.v2i1.12

Nurwenda, N., & Saepudin, A. (2024). Pemberdayaan para petani dengan pelatihan integrated farming (IF) di Desa Kamurang Kecamatan Tirtamulya Kabupaten Karawang. Bantenese: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 6(1), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.30656/ps2pm.v6i1.8374

Oenema, J., & Oenema, O. (2022). Unraveling feed and nutrient use efficiencies in grassland-based dairy farms. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 846561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.846561

Palsaniya, D. R., Kumar, S., Das, M. M., Kumar, T. K., Chaudhary, M., Chand, K., ... & Sahay, C. S. (2022). Ecosystem services from smallholder dairy based integrated farming system vis-a-vis double cropping. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 46(10), 1456-1481. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2022.2108192

Purnomo, S. H., Sari, A. I., Emawati, S., & Rahayu, E. T. (2023). An empirical examination of barriers to acceptance of integrated paddy and beef cattle farming in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 13(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.55493/5005.v13i2.4809

Qamara, C., Hendarto, T., Sinaga, Y. C., Pramana, R. A., & Widiarta, I. P. G. D. (2025). An Integrated Agro-Livestock Model for Sustainable Intensification of Marginal Lands. International Journal of Management, Accounting & Finance, 2(4), 08-19. https://doi.org/10.70142/kbijmaf.v2i4.361

Ramadhani, W. S., Handayanto, E., Nuraini, Y., Widiarini, D. P., Rahmat, A., & Yanfika, H. (2022). Pemanfaatan limbah cair nanas dan kompos kotoran sapi dalam meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, Lampung Tengah. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 10(2), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v10i2.5968

Ramdani, I. (2023). Empowerment and livestock farming: a holistic approach to local communities. WELFARE: Jurnal Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 12(2), 152-180. https://doi.org/10.14421/welfare.2023.122-05

Roessali, W., Mukson, M., Nurfadillah, S., & Budiraharjo, K. (2022). Farmer’s perceptions on risk and determinants of risk management strategy in integrated cattle and crops farming systems. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 47(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.47.2.146-154

Ryschawy, J., Grillot, M., Charmeau, A., Pelletier, A., Moraine, M., & Martin, G. (2022). A participatory approach based on the serious game Dynamix to co-design scenarios of crop-livestock integration among farms. Agricultural Systems, 201, 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103414

Shanmugam, P. M., Sangeetha, S. P., Prabu, P. C., Varshini, S. V., Renukadevi, A., Ravisankar, N., ... & Gopi, M. (2024). Crop–livestock-integrated farming system: A strategy to achieve synergy between agricultural production, nutritional security, and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8, 1338299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1338299

Shepovalova, O., Izmailov, A., Lobachevsky, Y., & Dorokhov, A. (2023). High-efficiency photovoltaic equipment for agriculture power supply. Agriculture, 13(6), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061234

Siregar, F. M., Prihantoro, I., & Karti, P. D. M. H. (2024). Strategi peningkatan kesuburan lahan melalui optimalisasi pupuk organik untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman indigofera zollingeriana skala lapang. Nutrition & Feed Technology Journal/Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan, 22(3), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.29244/jintp.22.3.151-158

Suprianto, S., Umbara, S. D. N., & Hermawati, R. D. (2025). Economic transformation through agricultural diversification to improve farmers' welfare. Academia Open, 10(1), 10-21070. https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.10.2025.10888

Tim, S., Providoli, I., Sien, T., Yim, S., Kim, S., & Liniger, H. (2023). Strengthening climate resilience of rural communities by co-producing landscape-specific integrated farming systems in Cambodia. Journal of Land Use Science, 18(1), 152-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2023.2190740

Usni, M. (2025). Systematic literature review: Integrated farming system sebagai daya saing dan keberlanjutan pertanian di Indonesia. Fruitset Sains: Jurnal Pertanian Agroteknologi, 13(3), 237–248. https://www.ejournal.iocscience.org/index.php/Fruitset/article/view/6634

Villano, R. A., Koomson, I., Thei, S., Taqiuddin, M., Prameswari, F., Fachry, A., ... & Burrow, H. (2025). Women’s empowerment in integrated cattle-farming systems in Indonesia. Applied Economics, 57(32), 4723-4738. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2364090

Xue, Y., Qi, Z., Yan, J., Li, D., Zhao, H., & Zheng, H. (2024). Technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of beef cattle fattening in the content of digital economy: an empirical study based on survey in China. Agriculture, 14(7), 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071007

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v11i2.4659